📝 Input

* You can input Hiragana, Katakana, and spaces

📄 Result

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💡 Use Cases

  • Verify Romaji notation for passport applications
  • English notation for international documents
  • Credit card name entry
  • Name input for flight bookings
  • Create signatures for English emails

📚 Japanese Romanization Systems

History and Background

Romaji (ローマ字) refers to systems for writing Japanese using Latin letters. Multiple systems were proposed during the Meiji period, but two standardized systems are primarily used today:

1. Hepburn System

  • Official Name: Revised Hepburn Romanization. Originated from the system developed by 19th-century missionary J.C. Hepburn
  • International Standard: Adopted by ISO 3602-1989. Ideal for international documents
  • Passport Standard: Japanese passports use Hepburn. Also recorded in alien registration documents
  • Examples: し→shi, ち→chi, つ→tsu, ふ→fu, じ→ji
  • Features: Designed for natural pronunciation by English speakers. Uses macrons (ō) for long vowels

2. Kunrei System

  • Official Name: Nippon-shiki (Japanese-style). Established by Ministry of Education ordinance in 1881. Aimed at domestic standardization
  • Systematicity: Based on Japanese phonological system with more logical and consistent design
  • Usage: Domestic standardized documents and school education. Limited international use
  • Examples: し→si, ち→ti, つ→tu, ふ→hu, じ→zi
  • Features: Represents basic phonological forms. May be difficult for foreigners to read

Official Passport Notation Rules

  • Legal Basis: Based on "Passport Law Enforcement Regulations" and Ministry of Foreign Affairs guidelines
  • Notation System: Uses Revised Hepburn. Uppercase is the standard
  • Long Vowels: Generally omitted (e.g., おお → OO). Some exceptions may apply
  • Sokuon (っ): Double the following consonant (e.g., さっぽろ → SAPPORO)
  • Hatsuon (ん): Usually "N". Becomes "M" before b, m, p (e.g., さんぽ → SAMPO)
  • Yōon (small や): Ignore small characters (e.g., きゃ → KYA, しゃ → SHA)
  • Note: Different notation may be allowed if applicant provides special reasons

Japanese Phonology and Romanization

  • Phonemic Contrast: Japanese consonants have three fundamental contrast systems: K-row (k), S-row (s/sh), T-row (t/ch)
  • Phonological Environment: The sound "し" is [ɕi] (single sound, not two syllables). Kunrei's "si" reflects this phonological structure
  • Yōon Phonology: "きゃ" is not phonologically き+や but a single long consonant fricative
  • Hatsuon Allophones: Has allophones depending on following sound environment. Reflected in Romanization (n/m/ng)

📚 Hepburn vs Kunrei Comparison

Hiragana Hepburn Kunrei
shi si
chi ti
tsu tu
fu hu
ji zi
しゃ sha sya
ちゃ cha tya

* Hepburn is used for passport applications

❓ FAQ

Passports use Hepburn romanization. Please select "Hepburn (for passport)".

Long vowel marks are generally omitted in passports (e.g., おおの → ONO). However, OH notation may be acceptable in some cases.

Usually "n", but becomes "m" before b, m, p (e.g., さんぽ → SAMPO). This tool uses "n" consistently.

This tool only supports Hiragana and Katakana. Please convert Kanji to Hiragana first.

📅 Last Updated: December 9, 2025 | 💬 Feedback: Suggestions & Comments